Safe Downcasting with instanceof

In this problem: You will create an Animal class hierarchy (Dog and Cat), upcast elements into an Animal[] array, then safely downcast using instanceof to call subclass-specific methods.

Learning Objective: Understand safe downcasting with instanceof type checks and recognize ClassCastException risks

Overview

Create Animal as a base class with two subclasses: Dog (with bark() method) and Cat (with purr() method). Store them in an Animal[] array via upcasting, then loop through, check types with instanceof, safely downcast, and call subclass-specific methods.

Specifications

Animal Class

• Has a protected String name field
• Constructor Animal(String name) initializes the field
• speak() method: outputs "[name] makes a sound"

Dog Class

• Inherits from Animal
• Overrides speak(): outputs "[name] says: Woof!"
• bark() method: outputs "[name] barks loudly!"

Cat Class

• Inherits from Animal
• Overrides speak(): outputs "[name] says: Meow!"
• purr() method: outputs "[name] purrs softly."

Main Class

• Store Dog("Rex"), Cat("Whiskers"), Dog("Buddy") in an Animal[] array
• Loop and call speak() on all elements
• Then loop using instanceof to call bark() for Dogs and purr() for Cats

Output Format

--- Polymorphic speak() ---
Rex says: Woof!
Whiskers says: Meow!
Buddy says: Woof!
--- Safe Downcasting ---
Rex barks loudly!
Whiskers purrs softly.
Buddy barks loudly!